(1) According to Ptolemy's Theory of the Cosmos, one can account for the weird motions of the planets by introducing a _______________________ model, whereby we place the rotation of the planets (like Mars) in a small circle that revolves around an imaginary point which itself revolves around some other imaginary point. In this particular version of Ptolemy's Cosmic Model, the earth is placed off-center in the specific system but always remains at the true center of the cosmos itself.  Choose the best possible answer here.

a. Equant

b. eccentric-deferent

c. major-minor epicycle

d. eccentric

e. epicycle- deferent

(2)Aristotle argued that all things have a natural end. In his language, all substance has a telos. Furthermore, this telos that is given to a thing, the internal programming of a thing, is called _____________. 

(3)Which of the following is part of what we call the JTB theory of knowledge? 

a. none of these are true

b. that X is actually true

c. platonic forms

d. all the above are apart of JTB theory of knowledge (except for the none of these answer)

e. a false belief that X is true

1. e. Epicycle- deferent
2. Final Cause (Telos)
3. b.that X is actually true

Step-by-step explanation

(1) Ptolemy's theory of cosmos includes imaginary models of the planets in three different motions,the eccentric motion, epicycle motion and the equant motion. 

The model has a 'Deferent' center, outside which the Earth is placed. This geometric construction positioning the earth is an eccentric model.  In the Epicycle model, we can assume an eccentric model in a movable form, meaning that another planet (like Mars) rotates around a small circle, which(the small circle) itself travels in a circular motion on the circumference of a bigger circle having earth at its center. The equant is a position where Ptolemy imagined another separate entity opposite to earth's eccentric position. The moving planet revolves with a speed uniform about that 'equant point'.

Later all the three models were combined and Ptolemy derived his postulations. the motions of heavenly bodies. 

Epicyclic form, where E is the earth misplaced from the center C and the circular body on the circumference is the planet rotating around the earth. 

(2) Final cause is the fourth and main cause among Aristotle's metaphysics of Causality.

Aristotle characterizes the last or "final cause" (télos) as that for the purpose of which a thing is done. Aristotle's conception of nature is teleological within the sense that nature shows usefulness in a more common sense than is exemplified within the purposes that people have. Aristotle considers a telos does not essentially include pondering, purposeful, awareness, or insights. Here, in seeing that last Cause - causation at the call of self-posited point or conclusion - is the as it were full and honest to goodness cause, we assist see that Nature, the infinite total of marvels and the enormous bond of their law which within the disposition of dubious and wrong reflection we call Constrain, is after all as it were an impact... Thus teleology, or the Rule of Final Cause, the rule of ideality, isn't only a component within the idea of Advancement, but is the exceptionally crucial line within the idea.

(3) JTB theory is derived from Plato's theory of Knowledge. Platonic forms can be the answer though not for certain because in JTB theory what matters more is the official statements of the Justified True Belief or JTB theory It assumes a set of statements that follow-

1-I believe that X is true

2-I am justified in believing X to be true

3- Thus X is true.

The JTB theory revolves around the truthness of knowledge and its justification. And only that knowledge is real or true knowledge which satisfies the clauses mentioned above. 

On this background the 'e' option- a false belief that x is true, is rejected as it talks about the falsity of a belief at first sight, rather than justifying truthness. It can be considered that Platonic forms are a part of JTB, as the theory proceeds through Plato's ideas. The option saying 'that X is actually true' can be taken as 'I am justified in believing that x is true' because of the word 'actually'. Therefore that can be considered as the correct answer.