question archive how to summarize this article

how to summarize this article

Subject:WritingPrice:2.84 Bought6

how to summarize this article .

Abstract:

Without having to struggle for energy and nutrients, the fat cells in the fetus increase in both size and number, increasing the birth weight of the infant -- a factor strongly related to adult obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [...]a 1995 study of babies born through egg donation found that the only discernible factor influencing their birth weight was the surrogate mother's body mass.

 

Full text:

How can skinny people still exist? If we live in an environment that promotes obesity -- filled with fast food, sugary drinks, TVs and cars -- why isn't everyone obese? And if our genes cause us to be fat, why has the search for "obesity genes" failed?

For me, the quest to answer these questions began when I was a student working in labs with genetically identical mice eating identical food. Surprisingly, the mice differed greatly in size. What caused the differences if it wasn't their diets or DNA?

As I moved between labs, I noticed that pregnant mice without access to exercise wheels produced offspring that would themselves have larger, fatter offspring. While the first and second generations weren't much larger, subsequent generations certainly were. To me, this was an amazing observation: The activity levels of grandmothers and mothers during pregnancy determined the fatness of future generations. But was my observation correct? And if so, what were the mechanisms?

I wasn't the first to observe this trend. Half a century earlier, the geneticist D.S. Falconer had found that by breeding only the largest offspring of genetically identical mice eating identical diets, it was possible to produce progressively larger and fatter offspring over several generations.

This finding supported my intuition that genes and food aren't sufficient explanations of obesity. Despite the recent fanfare over the identification of a suite of genes associated with obesity, they explain less than 2 percent of the variation in obesity between individuals. This leaves the other 98 percent -- known as the missing heritability -- still to be discovered.

When I began my own experiments, I found further evidence that calorie intake doesn't explain obesity: Active mothers and their leaner offspring ate more food and calories than the fatter, inactive mice. Once again, I wasn't the first to discover this. In the 1950s, nutrition scientist Jean Mayer demonstrated that active animals, whether mice, rats or humans, ate more food and stayed leaner and healthier than sedentary ones.

By 2014, I had conducted an extensive literature review that turned my intuition into a theory that revealed the missing heritability and a new way of understanding why so many children today are obese. The answer was a combination of a mother's body composition and physical activity during pregnancy.

When pregnant women are physically active, the increased energy demands redirect nutrients to her muscles and away from her fetus. This competition between the mother's muscles and the developing fetus's fat cells produces leaner, healthier babies. Their genes and food intake are irrelevant to the process.

Option 1

Low Cost Option
Download this past answer in few clicks

2.84 USD

PURCHASE SOLUTION

Option 2

Custom new solution created by our subject matter experts

GET A QUOTE

rated 5 stars

Purchased 6 times

Completion Status 100%