1) Explain G6PD deficiency and antibiotics list with explanation?

2) Describe Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines list with dosage information and how often to take?

3.    Describe  Acne medication and treatment management plan including list of medications, dosage and how often take it ?

4.     Explain GERD( gastro esophageal reflux Disease ) treatment that include life style modifications and medication management?

5.     Explain Osteoporosis, treatment and risks factors of osteoporosis?

6.    Explain PNA treatment include medication management?

7.     Explain Chronic pain management? per CDC guidelines?

8.    Explain Substance abuse treatment ? Alcohol abuse?

9.     Explain the Differences in prescribing for infants and children medications?

CYP450 inducers/inhibitors list

list drugs those are CYP450 inducers and inhibitors?

can you explain how you want questions, this is how we do in school.

please provide adequate description what you want me to add or edit?

 

1.     Explain G6PD deficiency and antibiotics list with explanation?

G6PD deficiency is an enzyme deficiency which can cause the destruction of red blood cells, and thus presents as hemolytic anemia in patients. This hemolytic anemia may be triggered by infections, drugs (commonly antibiotics), and certain foods like fava beans.

Antibiotics that may trigger G6PD include the following:

• Sulfonamides (Co-trimoxazole, trimethoprim, sulfadiazine-pyrimethamine, sulfacetamide)
• Nitrofurantoin
• Isoniazid
• Dapsone
• Quinine
• Primaquine
• Chloramphenicol
• Quinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, etc)

There are other drugs that can precipitate hemolysis in patients with G6PD deficiency, like arginine, NSAIDs, aspirin, colchicine, procainamide, and many others. However, most notorious are the antibiotics listed above.

2.    Describe Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines list with dosage information and how often to take?

Attached to this answer is a table of common STIs, their treatment with alternatives as well as corresponding dosages.

3.    Describe Acne medication and treatment management plan including list of medications, dosage and how often take it ?

Acne medications may be topical or systemic.

Topical treatments include:

• salicylic acid
• benzoyl peroxide (BPO)
• topical antibiotics (erythromycin, clindamycin)
• retinoids (adapalene, tretinoin)

These may be advised to be used once to twice a day, on the whole face or selected areas, depending on the severity of acne as well as the types of lesions.

Systemic therapy for acne include:

• antibiotics (doxycycline 50-100 mg BID, minocycline 50-100 mg BID, clindamycin 150-300 mg QID)
• isotretinoin 0.5-1 mg/kg/day, total cumulative dose of 120-150 mg/kg for 1-2 weeks duration with monitoring of CBC, LFTs and lipid profile.

4.     Explain GERD( gastro esophageal reflux Disease ) treatment that include life style modifications and medication management?

GERD results from the disruption of the esophagogastric junction through transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation or lower esophageal sphincter hypotension, which leads to the reflux of gastric contents to the esophagus then to the mouth. Many factors can exacerbate this condition, such as coffee, delayed gastric emptying, gastric hypersecretion, among others.

Lifestyle modifications to help with GERD include the avoidance of gastric irritants, like acidic foods, coffee, and spicy foods. It is also advisable to take small, frequent meals, and undergo weight loss reduction.

First line medication for GERD are proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), like Omeprazole. PPIs work by decreasing gastric acid secretion. Other medications that are not first line treatments but may be considered depending on the patient's symptoms include prokinetics like metoclopramide, and antacids.

5.     Explain Osteoporosis, treatment and risks factors of osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is reduced bone strength leading to increased fracture risk resulting from bone loss primarily due to age.

Risk factors for osteoporosis:

• estrogen deficiency
• vitamin D deficiency
• inadequate calcium intake during growth years
• history of glucocorticoid treatment
• possible secondary causes of osteoporosis (chronic kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, liver disease, Cushing's disease, malignancies, etc)

Nonpharmacological interventions:

• Increase intake of calcium
• increase vitamin D3 intake
• increased exercise (moderate walking, high-intensity resistance exercises)
• smoking cessation
• limit alcohol consumption
• environmental risk reduction (prevent slippery floors, make sure bathrooms have grips that can be used to hold on to, etc)

Pharmacologic treatment:

• oral bisphosphonates (Alendronate, pamidronate, etc)
• IV bisphosphonates (zoledronic acid)
• Teriparatide

6.    Explain PNA treatment include medication management?

Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection that usually presents with cough, fever, tachypnea, and other abnormal chest findings.

Attached is a table with the empirical treatment strategies for community acquired pneumonia.

7.     Explain Chronic pain management? per CDC guidelines?

Chronic pain management per CDC guidelines emphasize the importance of appropriate prescription of opioids to improve pain management as well as patient safety.

• Except for chronic pain in active cancer, palliative, and hospice care, opioid therapy is NOT the first line treatment.
• Should opioid use be necessary, the lowest possible effective dose for the shortest possible duration should be used in order to prevent opioid dependence, misuse, and overdose
• Monitor patients closely for overdose, side effects, dependence, etc.
• Consider alternative treatments that can help in pain control like exercise, weight loss, behavioral treatment, among others.

8.    Explain Substance abuse treatment ? Alcohol abuse?

Substance abuse treatment involves a multi-disciplinary treatment plan that is tailored to an individual. Some treatment strategies used, most commonly in combination with one another are the following:

• behavioral counseling
• medications and medical devices
• treatment of other possible co-morbid mental health concerns (depression, anxiety, etc)
• long term follow up
• family and community support

Inevitably, the patient will undergo withdrawal from the addictive substance. Medications and medical devices may be used to combat the withdrawal symptoms and lessen it, improving the patient's likelihood to continue the treatment program. Medications differ based on the addictive substance.

• Opioid addiction: Naltrexone, Buprenorphine, Methadone
• Tobacco addiction: nicotine replacement (patches, gum, lozenges, spray)
• Alcohol addiction: Naltrexone, Disulfiram

9.     Explain the Differences in prescribing for infants and children medications?

The saying "children are not small adults" rings especially true when it comes to prescribing medications. Some of the many factors to consider include

• Difference in pharmacokinetic principles
• Smaller size and weight of the child
• Drug formulation (children find it difficult to swallow pills)
• Compliance considerations (is the adult responsible enough to ensure regular administration of the drug)
• Children go to school, would they need to take the drug while at school? Can someone ensure that they actually do so in school premises?

For pharmocokinetic principles, some factors to keep in mind when dosing for children:

• prolonged gastric emptying time of infants until 6 mos old
• increased total body water of children
• decreased plasma protein binding of the drug as children have lower albumin levels compared to adults, and are thus more prone to toxicity
• more permeable skin barrier of infants, so topical medications are more readily absorbed
• more permeable blood-brain barrier of infants, which should be kept in mind when prescribing drugs that can pass to the central nervous system
• reduced glomerular filtration and excretion in infants less than 6 months old
• since drug dosage in the pediatric population are weight based it is important to always note patient's weight and revise dosage when necessary.

Please see the attached file for the complete solution