1. How does the roughness of a biomaterial surface affect protein adsorption? Consider roughness at different scales, that is, macro-, micro-, and nano-roughness.
2. Why is protein removal more diffcult the longer it interacts with a surface? explain this process, beginning with a protein in solution and ending with an adsorbed molecule that is resistant to removal.
3. Describe the Vroman effect. What is the significance of this phenomenon? What factors influence it?

 

Ans: The roughness of a biomaterial surface does affect the protein adsorption behavior as the roughness helps in increasing the surface area. Roughness of different scales like macro, micro and nano provide different surface area to the protein molecule to get adsorbed, macro roughness provides maximum number of sites for protein adsorption and nano roughness provides the least.

Step-by-step explanation

2. The protein removal becomes more diffcult when there is longer interaction with the surface because with time the bond interaction gets more strengthened. The larger protein molecules in a solution can have more sites of contact with the surface. The protein molecules rapidly unfold and form contacts with the surface more

quickly and become resistant to removal.

3. Vroman effect: The Vroman effect was named after Leo Vroman. It is a property exhibited by protein adsorption to a surface by blood serum proteins. Vroman effect is significant because it is the general phenomenon of plasma proteins and reflects the competitive adsorption of plasma proteins for a limited number of surface sites. Vroman effect is influenced by the following factors:

1. The blood composition.

2. The chemical properties of proteins 3. The surface characteristics like surface roughness, thickness, porosity, composition, hydrophobicity and charge.