question archive Surname 4 Name Professor Course Date Chinese History Response on the Concept of the Nation Liang Qichao examineds the aspects of the new citizenry and public morality and their relationship to the nation as the fundamental component of social organization and civilized life
Surname 4 Name Professor Course Date Chinese History Response on the Concept of the Nation Liang Qichao examineds the aspects of the new citizenry and public morality and their relationship to the nation as the fundamental component of social organization and civilized life
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Chinese History Response on the Concept of the Nation
Liang Qichao examineds the aspects of the new citizenry and public morality and their relationship to the nation as the fundamental component of social organization and civilized life. He argued for the need for national loyalty and criticized the Chinese leaders before him, such as Zhang Binglin, who failed in addressing the matters of nationalism (QicheoWilliam 670). These leaders hady focused on family, self, and the local community, which made China lack cohesion and solidarity that could support the nation in surviving in the midst of other nations. China needed to create a sense of nationhood that could incorporate national loyalty among the people. Comment by Laura Frizzell: Per the instructions, you should state the title of the reading in your introduction. Comment by Laura Frizzell: You need to indicate here what the main points of the reading are – just the ones that you will focus on in the text. For example, you spend a page focused on the definition of a nation, but do not mention that in your introduction. Comment by Laura Frizzell: Since this is a historical piece, I recommend you use past tense when discussing what Liang Quichao said throughout. Comment by Laura Frizzell: Is it new citizenry & public morality, or the nation, which is the fundamental component of social organization and civilized life? It’s not clear from the current sentence structure. Comment by Laura Frizzell: The author is Qicheo, not William. I changed it for you here – please change it in your other in-text citations. Comment by Laura Frizzell: Incorporate doesn’t quite fit here. Perhaps “inspire”?
The concept of “nation” is explained as being aware of the nation with respect to an individual. It also implies the awareness of the nation with respect to the court, foreigners, and the world. The awareness of the nation with regards to individuals implies an understanding of the superiority of humanity over other creatures since because individual humans s can form groups (William 671). People stand alone in nature, but they have not perished despite the fact that they cannot fly or run like animals. Cooperative efforts ease things in the realm of Great Peace because it they facilitates labor division that benefits all. Concerning the external world, the group merges all the individuals’ir skills and strengths to defend themselves against invasions. Nations also arise because it is totally impossible for people to defend themselves. The emergence of nations was not unavoidable, which implies that everyone acknowledged that depending on people was not reliable to protect each other, associate, and benefit one another. This is defined as the first policy of the nation. Comment by Laura Frizzell: This is passive. Is it Qicheo that states this in the reading? If so, state it! For example: “Qicheo explains the concept of the nation as…” Comment by Laura Frizzell: I Recommend turning this into one topic sentence to help your reader understand. Something like “Qichao begins by defining the nation with respect to three entities: the individual, the court, foreigners, and the world.” Comment by Laura Frizzell: This is a little unclear. Do you mean an individual’s awareness of the nation? Comment by Laura Frizzell: What is the “it” here? Specify it with the noun. Comment by Laura Frizzell: This is wordy. Again, could you replace with something like “Individuals’ awareness of the nation”? Comment by Laura Frizzell: “Implies” means that something is indicated without being explicitly stated. Is that the case? If not, try using a more direct verb, since your teacher is paying close attention to how you understand the methods involved in the arguments. Comment by Laura Frizzell: What is the “realm of Great Peace?” Don’t assume your reader will know this – no need to use jargon unless it’s necessary. Comment by Laura Frizzell: Nations are made up of people, though; this sentence therefore does not make sense. Comment by Laura Frizzell: This sentence is a bit confusing. What is the difference between depending on people and depending on a nation? Comment by Laura Frizzell: Again, this is passive. Who defines it? Qichao?
The awareness of the nation with respect to the court considers a nation as an entity whose headquarters is the court. Its managers are the co-coordinators of the court, and by considering the nation as a city or a town. Then the court is a residence of a few individuals, mainly the superintendents. However, a concern arises if the headquarter is developed for the sake of the corporation. Without a nation, a court cannot exist. Therefore, the courts represent a nation, and the ones that are developed illegally betray a nation. This is defined as the second principle of the aspect of the nation. Comment by Laura Frizzell: The nation’s managers? Unclear “it” – please specify. Comment by Laura Frizzell: It looks like you meant to finish this sentence but did not – it hangs without an end. Comment by Laura Frizzell: Which corporation? How is corporation defined in this historical context? Comment by Laura Frizzell: See above comments about passivity.
In the third principle, a nation is defined in the context of the outside world. The conquest for survival and natural selection is based on conflicts between nations and people since nations exist to deal with other groups. Civilization is considered to be the foundation of competition, and the development of civilization could be halted if competition would stop even for a day. Through competition, individuals from families that build villages that, in turn, build nations (William 672). A nation is the highest unit of networking and the highest point of competition. The elimination ofRemoving boundaries during the emergence of nations would stop end competition. Human nature cannot exist without competition since it also existed in heaven, which eventually contributed to tribal rivalry rather than national competition. Comment by Laura Frizzell: What about foreigners? You skipped that one. Comment by Laura Frizzell: See above comments about passivity. Comment by Laura Frizzell: Whose conquest? Humanity’s or the nation’s? Comment by Laura Frizzell: I think you may mean the opposite – that competition is the foundation of civilization? Comment by Laura Frizzell: This sentence is again not clear. What is tribal rivalry? Did it come before or after nations per Qichao’s argument?
Liang criticizes the Chinese due to their lack of these aspects of the a nation. People in such situations are considered as to be inferior since they concentrate only on their own prosperity of themselves as well asand that of their families. On the other hand, superior people are a focus on philosophical truth while avoiding practical things. The concept of nation is the foundation for sustaining individual benefits without losing them and the search for how to truly benefit as an individual. Comment by Laura Frizzell: The current Chinese or the previous Chinese rulers? Comment by Laura Frizzell: See my prior note about passivity. Comment by Laura Frizzell: Connect this back to the nation which is the central idea of the paragraph.
Liang Qichao persuadeds the Chinese to be united for the wellbeing of their nation. He achieveds this by revolving around the concept of the nation. It is from this ideology that he introduces the metaphor of a nation as being a city with the court as its headquarters. The persuasion uses simple language that can easily be understood by all. Beside, Liang also uses direct comparisons in his explanations to reinforce his points. As a court, a nation is operated by some officials, who are usually the townsmen and superintendents. This approach towards understanding a nation can be used to explain the involvement of leaders in the affairs of a nation, where the public expects to be ruled injustice. The importance of a nation is identified explicitly since it cannot exist without a court. Liang uses this strategy to cultivate patriotism in his people, where he encourages them to love their court (William 671). However, this love of a nation depends on its legitimacy. People do not acknowledge an illegal court and, therefore, cannot claim to be in love with it. This could be implying to dynasties and the efforts of the Chinese dynasty to the extent of its territories during the reign of Liang. Comment by Laura Frizzell: What do you mean by “revolving around”? Do you maybe mean “focusing on”? Comment by Laura Frizzell: Do you mean applying?
Liang's explanation of a nation in the concept of individuals is geared towards promoting the superiority of people. Human beings hold significant positions that are superior to those of everything else. He uses this approach to advocate for unity amongst the people and the need for helping each other through the labor division for the benefit of all people (William 671). The unity is integral in moments of crisis, and he cites the invasion where people arose and protected their walls. He asserts that success could not have been achieved by a single individual protecting themselves. Unity is necessary for helping, protecting, and benefiting each other. Comment by Laura Frizzell: Use his last name. Comment by Laura Frizzell: All people or Chinese people?
Liang continues by likening competition to the mother of civilization, which results in families, villages, and eventually, the formation of a nation. In his explanation, he considers human nature as the source of competition, and cannot exist without this aspect. The rivalry is perceived as having arisen from heaven, which contributed to the tribal competition that is experienced today.
Liang Qichao persuades the unity of his people through the concept of a nation. He explains this concept by focusing on the awareness of a nation based on the individuals, a court, and alien peopleforeigners. The three aspects are metaphorical, an approach that Liang uses to reinforce his arguments. By using these strategies, Liang effectively coerces the Chinese people to be united for the common course of their nation. Comment by Laura Frizzell: What about the whole world? It’s not clear whethere there are 3 or 4 aspects of the nation since you alternatively mention foreigners and the whole world.
Works Cited
William Theodore. DQicheo, Liang. “Sources of East Asian Traditions: The Modern Period.” The Concept of a Nation, edited by Wm. Theodore de Bary, Extract from the Concept of a Nationp. Pp. 670-672a. Comment by Laura Frizzell: Your author needs to be the author of the excerpt, not the editor of the volume. I’ve adjusted it accordingly. Note that you would normally need to include the place of publication, publisher, and date. However, as your teacher specifies in the instructions, you do not need to include these because they are not included in the excerpt he uploaded.
