outline you should review book chapters we have already covered in the course for the two authors, plus look at the readings for assignments 7, 8 & 9. You will also need to identify scholarly research sources for the different parts of your paper.

Your research plan should contain the following:

An outline of the main ideas you need to include in your paper and research sources for them:

A summary of each author’s approach to change. (Hints: You can use information from Assignments 8 & 9 for this part of the plan/outline. This summary should not include quotes form the two authors. Make sure that your overview of the two approaches to change does not take up more than 60% of your plan/outline.)
For each author, identify at least one additional source (i.e. other than the book used in class) that will help you understand what each author thinks about issue you have chosen. Briefly (i.e. 1-2 sentences for each source) explain how these sources will help you understand these authors’ positions. Provide a properly formatted reference for each of these items using either the APA or Chicago Manual format. (Hint: Scholarly sources, published interviews or TED Talks are preferred to general online sources.)
The main similarities and differences between the two approaches to change. (Hints: Don’t name all the possible similarities and differences here; choose only the ones you think are important enough to include in your paper. You might compare goals of change or definitions of the issue, the scale at which the author thinks change should start, the actors involved in the change or the methods they should use.)

Duncan Green

In his first section of his book From Poverty to Power he focuses on inequality because it is a big issue in his perspective, and it is the issue that he most worries about in the book as well. His approach suggests that inequality hinders people from developing their full capabilities. Inequality creates many problems. It wastes talent, undermines society and its institutions, undermines social cohesion, limits the impact of growth of economy.

Duncan Green is concerned about the inequality among the individuals.

According to Duncan Green, the problem of Inequality can be solved with effective states and active citizens. Societies should have a social foundation and environmental ceiling. The goal of development economics according to him must be to bring humanity into the safe and just safe.

Paul Collier;

Economic Growth is the Core Idea. Inequality is not the center idea for Paul Collier. In his perspective, Economic Growth helps everybody. When economic growth happens, incomes will grow. But the economic growth has to be a certain type of Growth. As a neo-classical economist, he thinks that people need an incentive to work harder to achieve economic growth. For instance, it wouldn’t be considered as growth if there is a group of powerful people controlling the oil resources of a country are putting the profits in their own pockets. In his book The Bottom Billion, Inequality couldn’t make it to the index. And it shows how much Collier would focus on inequality.

Paul Collier focuses on inequality between countries. And he thinks that the income gap among the countries is pulling them down. This gap can be fixed with Convergence. Convergence focuses on lifting the bottom billion countries from poverty by developing them at a faster rate than the developed countries.

As President of Tanzania, Rashid Kawawa stated “we must run while others walk.” Similarly, the bottom billion countries have to grow exceptionally faster to come the same level of development as those of developed countries. And that is how Collier thinks gap is going to shrink.

His core idea change is of economic growth. For good change to happen, a country will need good governance, good and appropriate policies, and natural resources to figure out how the country is going to fit with the economic seam of the international setting through Convergence.

Green, Duncan. (2016, Month Date). A historical view of the politics of inequality. Unesdoc. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000245888

This document is published by the UN and is written by Duncan Green. He explains four historical cases studies of countries with inequality and asserts the fact that the decline in inequalities can depend on various factors in these diverse cases. For an instance, the interactions between policy and politics; between top-down leadership and bottom-up action; between deliberate responses and others unrelated to inequality in itself; and between measures aimed at both vertical and horizontal inequalities.

Collier, P. (March,2008) .Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/paul_collier_the_bottom_billion?language=en#t-545770

TED talk by Paul Collier with the title of The Bottom Billion is the additional source I chose to help me understand the issue I have chosen to work upon. In this TED talk, Paul Collier talks about giving hope to the bottom billion through the alliance of compassion and enlightenment of self-interest. He later talks about Resource Curse and blames bad governance for it.

The way that these two authors have approached a change is very different. For Paul Collier, for change to happen, someone in the bottom billion has to step up to bring change. For him, these people are the heroes and the reformers. Sometimes, when ordinary people try to bring change, they are killed or imprisoned. However, when someone in the position of power tries to bring a change, things change for good. These reformers are also assisted by external experts which help assisting good change. So, for Paul Collier, change starts from the top and eventually branches out as administration thins out.

For Duncan Green, in contrast, Change is driven by a group of people from the bottom of the chain where they organize themselves and make some demands to the government authorities. As it is natural, their demands are not accepted, and the process of struggle begins. The people keep pushing and the state keeps resisting their demands. People become more empowered citizens and the state becomes more effective and fairer. And that is how good change happens (through active citizens and effective states).

Identify at least two recent, scholarly research sources that contain information that will help you evaluate which of the two authors you think provides a better approach to change vis-à-vis the issue you chose. Briefly (i.e. 1-2 sentences for each source) explain how these sources will help you evaluate the two agendas. Provide a properly formatted reference for each source using either the APA or Chicago Manual format.

The first additional source is the document that helps to evaluate two: first, it zooms in on the poorest billion based on a multidimensional approach and, second, it goes beyond national aggregates to understand the bottom billion. Later, it introduces the Multidimensional Poverty Index, which includes information on health, education, and living standards, and is published in UNDP’s Human Development Report.

Alkire, S.; Roche, J.; Seth, S (2013). Identifying the ‘Bottom Billion’: Beyond National Averages. Retrieved from

https://www.gov.uk/dfid-research-outputs/identifying-the-bottom-billion-beyond-national-averages

The second research source that I choose is the book by Branco Milanovic, the Haves and Haves Not. The book focuses on the both the Inequalities that the Paul Collier and Duncan Green talk about. The inequality among the citizens and the inequality among countries. I will pick up excerpts from this book to support their approach to change and inequality.

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Research Paper In this paper you will be responding to the ideas of two of the three books and authors on which we have focused in class: Chang’s 23 Things, Collier’s Bottom Billion, and Green’s From Poverty to Power

An outline of the main ideas you need to include in your paper and research sources for them:

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