There is strong evidence that personal behaviors and the environment are responsible for more than 70 percent of avoidable mortality and that health care is just one of several determinants of health. Discuss the following:

1)Discuss how the U.S. has historically shifted where health responsibility lies, give examples.

2)Aside from assuring more access to healthcare services, what additional actions should/could the U.S. healthcare system use to combat the factors that contribute to avoidable mortality?

3)Should these actions be laws such as seat belt regulations or non-smoking ordinances? Or should these actions focus on Americans' personal responsibility such as providing incentives for health insurance premium reductions or tax rebates for proof of healthy lifestyles such as exercise and weight control?

1)In the United States healthcare system drastically change over the year and the main improvement in the healthcare outcome observe between 1991 and 2016 where premature death cases decrease 22%, the mortality rate declined 29 %, and life expectancy increase about 36 percent.

2)      The actions that the United States healthcare system should use to combat the facts that result in avoidable mortality are-

·        Proper monitoring of the patient during proving healthcare service.

·        Healthcare education.

3)      To protect the population health, a law should be designed for actions such as using toxic substances in public, driving without seatbelt/helmet, and smoking in public places. 

Step-by-step explanation

1)      The shifting of healthcare outcomes from historically to the present is measure by the life expectancy of the population, mortality rate, and premature death over the years.

In the United States healthcare system drastically change over the year and the main improvement in the healthcare outcome observe between 1991 and 2016 because the life expectancy in between these years and life expectancy increased about 36 percent, premature death decreased 22 percent, and mortality rate in the hospitals fell by 29 percent. The improvement in United States health quality is occurring because of the improved technologies in healthcare and improved access to insurance coverage in the country. Improved technologies in the healthcare system provide relevant information about the patient's health condition, based on which healthcare works prescribe highly efficient medication to the patients that give satisfactory outcome in a short period. whereas access to the insurance coverage demonstrated several benefits effects such as regular visits of physicians and better management of the chronic illness that further improve health conditions among the individuals who are suffering from chronic health conditions.

For example- the mortality rate generally declines around 30 percent between 1980 and 2017, the premature deaths reduce between 1990 and 2013 by 26 percent but from 2013 to 1017 premature death rate increase by 4 percent, and the overall health of the United States population increased by 36 percent from 2011 to 2017.

3)      Avoidable mortality- thee death that could be avoided by the individuals/ healthcare system by preventing or by treating them properly.

Following are the factors that cause avoidable mortality-

·        Improper lifestyle- Smoking and obesity is the biggest preventable cause in avoidable mortality. If the individual consumes too much fatty foods, consume alcohol beverages, includes smoking, and do not burn fat through exercise and physical activity it results in poor health outcome of the individual. During smoking poison from the cigarette enters into the blood that increases the chances of clot formation, increase blood pressure, constrict arteries and all these conditions reduce the amount of oxygen to the body organs such as (heart and brain) which further cause cardiovascular disease and lung cancer. In obese individuals bad cholesterol of the body increase due to which blood vessels start blocking that reduces blood flow to the body tissue/ organs and results in potential health conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and coronary heart disease.

·        Improper wound care- if the individual is having an open wound and healthcare system does not treat that wound properly and do not provide tetanus shot then it will result wound infect and if further health care organization do not provide proper treatment for wound infect it will lead to septicemia which will be the cause of avoidable mortality.

The actions that the United States healthcare system should use to combat the facts that result in avoidable mortality are-

·        Health care education- Educate the community population about the side effects of smoking, improper diet, lack of exercise, and obesity to prevent avoidable mortality within the population.

·        Proper monitoring of the patient in the healthcare organizations- collect all data about the patient's condition and medical history before selecting any intervention about the patient medication condition to reduce the chances of unnecessary I infection which can cause the death of the patient.

3.      A law should be designed for actions such as smoking in the public place/ bars, driving without a seatbelt, and exposure of the toxic substances (tobacco, weeds, and gasoline) to protect the population health and safety hazards. Smoking in the public places cause immediate harm such as (coughing and breathing problem) to the exposure individuals, the persons who drive without using seat belt are more prone to ejected from the vehicle during the crash, and the exposure of toxic substances in public cause vomiting, burns, and sometimes death because of high toxic property.