Create a 3-5-page annotated bibliography and summary based on your research related to best practices addressing one of the health care problems or issues in the Assessment Topic Areas media piece faced by a health care organization that is of interest to you. For this assignment, I chose Healthcare Disparities . Introduction In your professional life, you will need to find credible evidence to support your decisions and your plans of action. You will want to keep abreast of best practices to help your organization adapt to the ever-changing health care environment. Being adept at research will help you find the information you need. Demonstration of Proficiency By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria: • • • Competency 1: Apply information literacy and library research skills to obtain scholarly information in the field of health care. • Identify academic peer-reviewed journal articles relevant to a health care problem or issue and describe the criteria used for the literature search. Competency 2: Apply scholarly information through critical thinking to solve problems in the field of health care. • Assess the credibility and relevance of information sources. • Summarize what was learned from developing an annotated bibliography. • Analyze academic peer-reviewed journal articles using the annotated bibliography organizational format. Competency 4: Write for a specific audience, in appropriate tone and style. • Summarize a health care problem or issue and describe a personal interest in it and experience with it. • Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. • Write following APA style for in-text citations, quotes, and references. Instructions Note: The requirements outlined below correspond to the grading criteria in the scoring guide. At a minimum, be sure to address each point. In addition, you are encouraged to review the performance-level descriptions for each criterion to see how your work will be assessed. For this assessment, research best practices related to a current health care problem. To explore your chosen topic, you should use the first two steps of the Socratic ProblemSolving Approach to aid your critical thinking. 1. . Write a brief overview of the selected topic.( Note: Healthcare Disparities is the topic I chose for the assignment) In your overview: • Summarize the health care problem or issue. • Describe your interest in the topic. • Describe any professional experience you have with this topic. 2. Identify peer-reviewed articles relevant to health care issue or problem. • Conduct a search for scholarly or academic peer-reviewed literature related to the topic and describe the criteria you used to search for articles, including the names of the databases you used. You will select four current scholarly or academic peer-reviewed journal articles published during the past 3–5 years that relate to your topic. o Use keywords related to the health care problem or issue you are researching to select relevant articles. 3. Assess the credibility and explain relevance of the information sources you find. o Determine if the source is from an academic peer-reviewed journal. o Determine if the publication is current. o Determine if information in the academic peer-reviewed journal article is still relevant. 4. Analyze academic peer-reviewed journal articles using the annotated bibliography organizational format. Provide rationale for inclusion of each selected article. The purpose of an annotated bibliography is to document a list of references along with key information about each one. The detail about the reference is the annotation. Developing this annotated bibliography will create a foundation of knowledge about the selected topic. In your annotated bibliography: o Identify the purpose of the article. o Summarize the information. o Provide rationale for inclusion of each article. o Include the conclusions and findings of the article. o Write your annotated bibliography in a paragraph form. The annotated bibliography should be approximately 150 words (1–3 paragraphs) in length. o List the full reference for the source in APA format (author, date, title, publisher, et cetera) and use APA format for the annotated bibliography. o Make sure the references are listed in alphabetical order, are doublespaced, and use hanging indents. 5. Summarize what you have learned from developing an annotated bibliography. o Summarize what you learned from your research in a separate paragraph or two at the end of the paper. o List the main points you learned from your research. o Summarize the main contributions of the sources you chose and how they enhanced your knowledge about the topic. Socratic Problem-Solving Approach The Socratic Method is a teaching style in which teachers ask students questions designed to stimulate more complete thinking and deeper insight. It also relates to the steps of performing scientific research. When the Socratic approach is applied, students are prompted to look more closely at your ideas, question your assumptions and accepted premises, and view your choices through a rigorous lens. Apply the Socratic approach Applying the Socratic approach to problem solving helps you identify gaps and improve your thinking when writing papers or completing projects. The questions may be used to spark new insights when responding to discussion topics and posts. • • • • • • Identify the elements of the problem, issue, or question Analyze, define, and frame the problem, issue, or question Consider solutions, responses, or answers Choose a solution, response, or answer Implement your choice Evaluate the results Supporting actions: • • Analyze the results of your actions. Analyze research data and formulate new questions based on the results. Supporting questions: • • • • • Did I make progress toward solving the problem? What did I learn? How do the results relate to existing theories? How do the results shed light on the existing body of evidence? What new questions are raised by the results? Socratic problem-solving 
 

Healthcare Disparities

Introduction

            Healthcare disparities are variations in the access to and availability of healthcare services across all groups in society. Additionally, healthcare disparities may be defined to inform differences in rates of illnesses across population groups based on socioeconomic factors like ethnicity, gender, age, and economic resources. Many factors lead to healthcare disparities, such as time constraints, poor access to healthcare, and inequality in the delivery of healthcare services.

Annotated Bibliography

Artiga, S., Orgera, K., & Pham, O. (2016). Disparities in health and health care: five key questions and answers. Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation. http://kff. Org/disparities-policy/issue-brief/disparities-in-health-and-health-carefive-key-questions-and-answers/Accessed March, 7, 2017.

            The article is peer-reviewed and utilizes empirical data to provide its conclusions on healthcare disparities. The article is also current based on the date of publication, hence providing up-to-date information about healthcare disparities. The authors have utilized the questions and answers criteria in tackling disparities in health and healthcare. Socioeconomic determinants of health significantly influence healthcare status and healthcare utilization. The article uses five key questions and answers to define healthcare disparities while finding possible solutions. The first question is about defining the meaning of healthcare disparity, and Artiga et al. (2016) give its definition. The second question tries to find reasons why the issue of healthcare disparities matters a lot. The fifth question answers the current status of healthcare disparity. The fourth question majorly explains the main initiatives put in place to address healthcare disparities. The last question gives solutions to the challenges experienced while solving the issue of healthcare disparity.

Bergmark, R. W., & Sedaghat, A. R. (2017). Disparities in health in the United States: an overview of the social determinants of health for otolaryngologists. Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology, 2(4), 187-193.

            Bergmark et al. (2017) wrote that the article covers healthcare disparities in the United States of America. The article is peer-reviewed and current because it was published in the year two thousand and seventeen. The paper's main objective is to make readers understand different socioeconomic determinants of health and how they influence health status. Examples of socioeconomic determinants of health include; education, race and ethnicity, poverty, insurance status, and gender. The authors utilized foundational papers that cover socioeconomic determinants of health to arrive at their conclusions. The findings of the article are that the socioeconomic determinants of health significantly influence healthcare status and healthcare utilization (Bergmark et al., 2017). It is thus important to improve on the social determinants of health. A lot of research is required to be done on the topic of social determinants of health. This is because there are limited studies that cover social determinants of health and how they impact health status.

Manuel, J. I. (2018). Racial/ethnic and gender disparities in health care use and access. Health services research, 53(3), 1407-1429.

            The article's main aim is to provide an overview of gender and racial variations in healthcare services utilization and access, especially after introducing the Affordable Care Act. The article is peer-reviewed and current based on the year of publication. The author utilizes secondary data, mainly from National Health Interview Survey between the years 2006-2014. The author used the linear probability model to approximate the changes in healthcare services and access while utilizing data from 2006 to 2014 and 2012 to 2014. Participants were adults ranging from about 18 years and above. 2006 to 2014 data indicated many differences in healthcare disparity based on gender and race (Manuel, 2018). However, 2012 to 2014 data showed fewer changes in terms of healthcare services use and access. The author of the article concludes that more research should be done on patterns of healthcare service utilization and access, mainly among the vulnerable groups of society.

Weissman, J., Russell, D., Jay, M., Beasley, J. M., Malaspina, D., & Pegus, C. (2017). Disparities in health care utilization and functional limitations among adults with severe psychological distress, 2006–2014. Psychiatric Services, 68(7), 653-659.

            The article is current because it was published during the year 2017 hence provides up to date information on healthcare disparities among adults having psychological distress. The article is also peer-reviewed and contains up-to-date information about healthcare disparities due to its current publication date. The paper's main aim was to compare healthcare access among adults with chronic psychological distress, especially after implementing Patient Protection and Affordable Care (Weissman et al., 2017). The author utilized secondary data mostly from National Health Interview Survey in the years 2006 to 2014. Results indicated clearly that adults without better financial backgrounds seem to hesitate to visit doctors compared to adults with serious psychological stress (Weissman et al., 2017). As a result, adults having severe psychological distress tend to change hospitals frequently due to cost issues. This is to imply that adults with serious psychological distress should be given greater attention when it comes to healthcare patterns.

Summary

I have gained a lot of knowledge surrounding the topic of healthcare disparities across the entire globe. I have learned that healthcare disparity may be solved in various ways, such as enhancing the quality of care and increasing the diversity of healthcare and medical professionals. Some of the most critical points gained from writing the annotated bibliography are;

• The socioeconomic determinants of health significantly influence healthcare status and healthcare utilization (Bergmark et al., 2017).
• More research should be done on patterns of healthcare service utilization and access, mainly among the vulnerable groups of society.
• Adults with serious psychological distress should be given greater attention when it comes to healthcare patterns.

Articles chosen for this project are relevant and credible in addressing the topic of healthcare disparities. The utilization of information obtained from the four articles can be very impactful in understanding and finding effective ways to address healthcare disparities, especially among vulnerable groups in society.

Outline

Topic: Healthcare Disparities

The following sections are covered in the paper

1. Introduction

• Healthcare disparities are variations in the access to and availability of healthcare services across all groups in the society.
• Additionally, healthcare disparities may be defined inform of differences in rates of illnesses occurrence across populations groups based on socioeconomic factors like ethnicity, gender, age, and economic resources.

2. Annotated Bibliography

• Artiga, S., Orgera, K., & Pham, O. (2016). Disparities in health and health care: five key questions and answers. Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation. http://kff. Org/disparities-policy/issue-brief/disparities-in-health-and-health-carefive-key-questions-and-answers/Accessed March, 7, 2017.
• Bergmark, R. W., & Sedaghat, A. R. (2017). Disparities in health in the United States: an overview of the social determinants of health for otolaryngologists. Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology, 2(4), 187-193.
• Manuel, J. I. (2018). Racial/ethnic and gender disparities in health care use and access. Health services research, 53(3), 1407-1429.
• Weissman, J., Russell, D., Jay, M., Beasley, J. M., Malaspina, D., & Pegus, C. (2017). Disparities in health care utilization and functional limitations among adults with serious psychological distress, 2006–2014. Psychiatric Services, 68(7), 653-659.

3. Summary

• I have gained a lot of knowledge surrounding the topic of healthcare disparities across the entire globe.
• I have learnt that the issue of healthcare disparity may be solved through a variety of ways such as enhancing the quality of care and increasing the diversity of healthcare and medical professionals.
• Articles chosen for this project are relevant and credible in addressing the topic of healthcare disparities.
• Utilization of information obtained from the four articles can be very impactful in understanding and finding effective ways to address the issue of healthcare disparities especially among vulnerable groups in the society.