Define and explain each item on the outline

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Define and explain each item on the outline. I look for specific answers that reflect the readings.

Chapter I: The Power of Critical Thinking.

Explain/define the following:

1. Statements and claims

• Claim; statement
• Proposition

1. Disagreements: Explain/Define the following (from lectures and text).
   • Factual Disagreement

• Interpretive Disagreement
• Explain/Define the following (from lectures and text).
• Necessary truth
• Contingent truth
• Contradictions
• In arguments: Reasons (premises); Conclusion
• Define an argument in logic and critical thinking
• List some conclusion and premise indicator words:
• Premise
• Conclusion
• How do premises and conclusions relate to each other by way of the term inference? Read below:

1. READ: How to Detect an Argument: Please read information in note

Note: In most arguments there is a claim that the statements present evidence or reasons for the conclusion. Though it is not necessary that the premises present true reasons, they must nevertheless claim to do so. This occurs when it is claimed that the passage contains a certain kind of reasoning process. In detecting arguments, look for an explicit argument or the implicit claim to an argument (in the latter no indicators may be present, and the reader must examine the inferential link between statements).

• Define at least two conditions that must be fulfilled for a passage to be an argument by way of the above NOTE.

List and Explain these Non-argumentative passages: chapters 1 & 9

• Explanations: Explanadum, and Explanans
• List at least two types of explanations and describe them (chapter 9, 9.1 info.):
• Conditional Statements; list the parts by name.