static_cast<double>(count)

Step-by-step explanation

Variables are storage containers for data values. In C++, multiple types of variables (specified by distinct keywords) are available, such as int, which saves integers (whole numbers) without decimals, such as 123 or -123. float - stores floating point numbers with decimals, such as 19.99 or -19.99. double - stores floating point numbers with decimals, such as 19.99 or -19.99.

The double data type in C++ is also a primitive data type for storing floating-point numbers up to 15 digits. Variables of the float and double types are initialized with floating-point values in the example above.

Dear student, the answer for the above question is explained in depth below.

Step-by-step explanation

PROBLEM #1

1 solution :-

Erosion can be defined as "the wearing away of rocks and other deposits on the earth's surface by the action of water, ice, wind, etc."

Types of erosion:-

1. Surface erosion :- When rain, wind or frost detach soil particles from the surface, the particles are washed or blown off the paddock.
2. Sheet erosion:- This occurs when rain falls on bare or sparsely covered soil, loosening fine particles (silt, clay and humus) that are carried downhill in surface run-off. Sheet erosion lowers the fertility of the soil, because it removes the most productive layer, which has usually been enriched by fertiliser.
3. Wind erosion:- The wind can remove the valuable fine soil on the land surface. Seasonally strong winds hit many areas, such as sand dunes, the Central Volcanic Plateau, Wairarapa, Hawke's Bay, Canterbury and Otago. If covering vegetation has been grazed or disturbed, wind erosion can be severe.
4. Fluvial erosion:- This occurs when running water gouges shallow channels or deep gullies into the soil.
5. Rill erosion:- On sloping land, particularly if cultivated, water run-off may gather in small V-shaped channels or rills. These are particularly evident in pumice soils or those formed from loess (wind-blown dust), but can occur on all hill soils.
6. Gully erosion:-Gully erosion occurs on unconsolidated subsoils. These are generally deep and generate a lot of sediment, which often feeds into rivers.Gullies tend to erode at their head, eating back into the landscape.
7. Tunnel gullying:- When water enters the soil on a slope, usually down cracks after a dry period, it scours out the subsoil to form a tunnel. The soil often later collapses inwards, and an open gully forms.

       8. Scree erosion:- This occurs in steep.            or mountainous areas, where the.                 underlying rocks are greywacke (in.             both the North and South islands) or.           schist (South Island). At high altitude,           gravity pulls material downhill into a.             fan shape, which can be quite.                        spectacular.

The following are the various erosive forces that facilitate the erosion:-

1. Water :- Here are some of the ways that water causes erosion: Rainfall Rainfall can cause erosion both when the rain hits the surface of the Earth, called splash erosion, and when raindrops accumulate and flow like small streams. Rivers - Rivers can create a significant amount of erosion over time. They break up particles along the river bottom and carry them downstream. One example of river erosion is the Grand Canyon which was formed by the Colorado River. Waves - Ocean waves can cause the coastline to erode. The shear energy and force of the waves causes pieces of rock and coastline to break off changing the coastline over time. Floods - Large floods can cause erosion to happen very quickly acting like powerful rivers.

         2. Wind :- Wind is a major type of.                     erosion, especially in dry areas.                     Wind can erode by picking up and.               carrying loose particles and dust.                 away (called deflation). It can also.               erode when these flying particles.                 strike the land and break off more.               particles (called abrasion).

       3. Glaciers :- Glaciers are giant rivers.              of ice that slowly move carving out.              valleys and shaping mountains.

Apart from the above forces, living organisms, gravity and temperature also play an important role in erosion.

2 Solution:-

The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), is described in IECA (2008) as having the following form:

           A = 2.24R • K • LS • C • P

Here, 

A = the estimated average annual soil loss (metric tons/hectare)

R = the rainfall and runoff erosivity index. This describes intensity and duration of rainfall in a given geographical area. It is the product of the kinetic energy of raindrops and the maximum 30-min intensity.

K = the soil erodibility factor. K is related to soil physical and chemical properties that determine how easily soil particles can be dislodged. It is related to soil texture, aggregate stability, and soil permeability or ability to absorb water. It ranges from 1 (very easily eroded) to 0.01 (very stable soil).

LS = a dimensionless topography factor determined by length and steepness of a slope. The LS factor is related to the velocity of runoff water. Water moves faster on a steep slope than a more level one, and it picks up speed as it moves down a slope. Therefore the steeper and longer the slope, the faster runoff water will flow. The faster water flows, the more kinetic energy it can impart to the soil surface (kinetic energy = mass × velocity²).

C = the cover and management factor. Cover of any kind can help protect the soil surface from raindrop impact and can force runoff water to take a longer, more tortuous path as it moves downslope, slowing the water and reducing its kinetic energy.

P = the factor for supporting practices. This factor takes into account specific erosion control measures. Erosion control practices reduce the P factor.