Oppositional Defiant Disorder- the child/adolescent neurodevelopmental disorders presented. Describe its symptoms and course, presumed biopsychosocial causes, and its impact on one's life.

Using at least one scholarly source, present one or two contemporary treatments for the disorder.

Answer:

An important predecessor of antisocial behavior that we can be seen in children who have conduct disorder is now called as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and we can see this in DSM-5 under the category of Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorder. This disorder is grouped into three subtypes: first is the angry or irritable mood, quarrelsome or defiant behavior and vengeful. The vital feature of this disorder is a repeatedly pattern of negativistic, quarrelsome, defiant, and aggressive behavior toward authority figures that lasts for six months. ODD begins by the age eight and full-blown typically occurs at middle childhood until adolescence. Its lifetime prevalence is 11.2 percent for boys and 9.2 percent for girls. The risk factor for this disorder includes discord within the family, socioeconomic disadvantage and antisocial behavior in both the parents. The cause why this disorder develops are still difficult to find. Those children with family history of having an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ODD, mood disorders and parents who are alcoholic or substance abuser are vulnerable in the developing ODD. Even children whose mother are smoking during their pregnancy has a increased rate of developing this disorder. Other studies suggests that any damage in some areas of the brain that are responsible in higher function of children such as reasoning, judgement and impulse control, may be increased the vulnerability for developing such disorder. Also, chemical imbalances in the nervous system and malnutrition are factors in developing the disorder. According to the study of Ghosh and colleagues (2017), there are treatments for this disorder that are time-tested and effective. Such treatment includes parental management training, school based training and cognitive behavioral therapy. For those who have severe aggression and with co-morbid disorder, treatment includes pharmacotherapy.