question archive A Case Study on the Reproductive System Pearson Education 2017 Imagine you are a columnist for a popular website that deals with women's health issues
A Case Study on the Reproductive System Pearson Education 2017 Imagine you are a columnist for a popular website that deals with women's health issues
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A Case Study on the Reproductive System Pearson Education 2017 Imagine you are a columnist for a popular website that deals with women's health issues. Visitors to the site can submit their stories and questions through an "Ask the Expert" link on the site. In this scenario, a 26-year-old woman has posted her story (below) and some questions (next page) regarding reproductive health. My name is Angela. I am a 26-year-old married woman with no children. My husband, Doug, and I have been trying to get pregnant for over two years now and my doctor has suggested that I consider fertility drug treatments. The irony of our situation is that I have been taking a birth control pill for five years to prevent getting pregnant, and now my doctor suggests that I take another drug to help me get pregnant. When I went off birth control, about a year ago, my menstrual cycle became very irregular. I had been taking a birth control drug called Ortho Tri-Cyclen. To be perfectly honest, I don't understand how it works because my periods were more regular when I was on the pill than when I went off of it. My doctor told me that the pill works because it tricks your body into thinking that it is pregnant. That just confused me even more. When I looked back on my decision to take birth control pills, I realized that I did not really understand how they work. I just do not want to make that mistake again. Before I consider taking any more drugs, I want to understand more about how they work. The fertility drug we're looking into is called Clomid. I asked my doctor a bunch of questions, but I still feel confused. I am hoping that you would be able to help me understand how these two drugs actually work.
BIOL 1203 Summer 2020 Name: 1. In my research, I found that the levels of "gonadotropins" in the body are critical to how both Clomid and Ortho Tri-Cyclen work, but I don't know what "gonadotropins" are. Please briefly explain to me what "gonadotropins" are and what they do. 2. My doctor told me that birth control pills like Ortho Tri-Cyclen contain small amounts of estrogen and progesterone, and these hormones prevent me from ovulating. Please explain to me how giving me these hormones in a pill would prevent me from ovulating. 3. My doctor also explained that birth control pills "trick the body into thinking it is pregnant." She explained that women do not normally ovulate when they are pregnant; can you explain to me how ovulation is prevented during pregnancy? 4. My doctor explained that the fertility drug Clomid works by "tricking the brain into thinking that estrogen levels in the body are low." She explained that this is what leads to the extra stimulation of the ovaries to encourage eggs to be released. One of the references I found for Clomid said this happens because there is less negative feedback. Can you explain to me how this "trick" and the decreased negative feedback are related? How do these effects of Clomid lead to egg release?
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1).Gonadotropins are hormones are hormones that are released from the anterior pituitary gland and it is responsible for acting on the ovaries and results in ova (egg) production.
The 2 main Gonadotropins found in females are (FSH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone and (LH) Luteinizing hormone Gonadotropins.
The purpose of FSH is to promote the growth and development of Ovarian follicles. Additionally, the purpose of LH is to cause the maturation of eggs during the release of eggs, known as ovulation. During ovulation, if the release of sperm occurs, fertilization takes place and it causes the formation of a zygote, then it develops into an embryo and then a fetus.
2). When there is a rise in estrogen and progesterone, they prohibit the release of FSH and LH. This is because when estrogen and progesterone are present in birth control pills, it keeps the hormone level in the female body stable. Therefore, when there is a steady level of progesterone, it prevents prevents ovulation from taking place. Additionally, birth control pills also thickens cervical mucus so sperm cannot reach egg and they make the lining of uterus becomes unreceptive for implantation of fertilised egg. This results in pregnancy not occuring.
3).When pregnancy occurs, the placenta produces estrogen and progesterone levels. When these levels rise, during pregnancy, it assists in maintaining the uterus and prepare the mammary glands for lactation. FSH and LH then produces a negative feedback loop where it leads to the inhibition of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland. Hence, when there are low levels of FSH and LH, there are no new follicles that are developed during pregnancy. Additionally, birth control pills produces levels of estrogen and progesterone at a steady level and can have the have the same effect.
4) Clomid disrupts the ability of the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland to measure when there is a rise in estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle. When there is a normal cycle, the rising estrogen levels will produce a negative feedback loop and it results in a decrease in FSH and LH levels. Additionally, Clomid prevents this from occurring, and causes FSH and LH levels to rise. The rise in FSH and LH stimulates the ovaries and causes follicle development. Once this dominant follicle is selected other follicles will be inhibited to grow. Therefore, Clomid is given on day 5 -9 so that it is possible to stimulates multiple follicles, and increases pregnancies.
