question archive This is an Academic journal please review for grammar, an so on Think about this 'iceberg': You have a new student in your class
This is an Academic journal please review for grammar, an so on Think about this 'iceberg': You have a new student in your class
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This is an Academic journal please review for grammar, an so on
Think about this 'iceberg':
You have a new student in your class. Student 1 is a ten-year-old refugee who arrived nine months ago from a war-torn country. Due to political conflict in her country of birth she received very limited formal education prior to her move. Her teachers feel that she is making very little progress in her academics. How deep under the water does her
'iceberg' go?
Think about this 'iceberg':
You have a new student in your class. Student 2 is seven years old and just arrived three months ago from a Western European country where she was enrolled in a highly regarded private school. Her academic skills in her first language are at the appropriate grade level.
She has never received any English instruction and is unable to communicate in English whatsoever. What does her 'iceberg' look like?
Dr. Jim Cummins is one of the leading experts in learning and literacy on learning abilities. His research has helped teachers understand the ability of students to acquire a second language.
Jim Cummins´ Interdependence Hypothesis puts forward the idea that the linguistic skills developed in language (L1) can be transferred to another language (L2). Based on both types of language proficiency, Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS), which is the conversational language needed for everyday communications, or Social language and, Cognitive Academic Language, is the language that is acquired within the classroom by learning complex concepts on textbooks or assessments.
Related to second language acquisition, the Hypothesis focuses on the relationship between a person's knowledge in L1 and its acquisition in L2 and how they are interconnected. This relationship can be understood through the double iceberg model with two peaks; below the waterline lies both the CALP in L1 and L2, above the waterline are the L1 and L2 BICS. In the middle is the section that interconnects the two peaks known as the Common Underlying Proficiency, thus refers to the fact that knowledge of a language at advanced levels provides the mind with resources to acquire a new language.
To analyze the first example where the student has very little formal education in her mother tongue language, this student's representation of the iceberg will be shallow as She has not had the opportunity to develop the CALP skills in her first language, and therefore she will have many problems in acquiring academic language and understanding complex linguistic concepts.
In the second example, the iceberg will be deep, as the student has a grade level of academic skills in her first language; these skills can be transferred to the second language acquisition. This transfer may occur over time because while social language is less rigid and quicker to acquire, academic language is more complex and requires direct instruction and exposure.
