1- Which of the following best captures Kant's Formula of Humanity as End? a) "I ought never to act in such a way that I could not also will that my maxim should become a universal law

Subject:ArtsPrice: Bought3

Share With

1- Which of the following best captures Kant's Formula of Humanity as End?

a) "I ought never to act in such a way that I could not also will that my maxim should become a universal law."

b) "Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in any other person, only as an end, never as a means."

c) "Never make an exception for yourself."

d) "Act only on that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."

e) "Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in any other person, always at the same time as an end, never merely as means."

 

 

2- I am to make a deceitful promise in circumstances in which my situation is such that I am in real need of money and I know that I will never be able to pay it back in order to further my own personal advantage." Kant claims that the universalization of this maxim results in a contradiction. What does Kant mean?

a) Kant means that a world where everyone makes deceitful promises would be a bad one.

b) Kant means that we cannot imagine a world where everyone makes deceitful promises, because the practice of promising presupposes trust and no one would trust anyone in a world where everyone makes deceitful promises.

c) Kant means that it is pointless to make a deceitful promise.

d) Kant means that it is impossible to conceive of a world in which all promises are offered with the intention of being broken, because a promise will only be accepted if all promises are kept. So, if one promise is broken, none will be accepted.

e) Kant means that on pains of irrationality we must never keep our promises.

 

 

3- In Kant's time, peasants would sometimes sell their teeth to wealthier individuals who needed them. Kant objected to this, and he would presumably, for similar reasons, object to selling organs (like kidneys) in the present day. Which of following most accurately characterizes Kant's reasons for objecting to selling parts of one's body?

a) The pain caused by having a tooth or an organ extracted is severe — severe enough to outweigh the pleasure that the recipient will enjoy.

b) Extracting teeth and organs is digusting, and, therefore, morally wrong.

c) Extracting teeth and organs inherently involves a certain amount of risk. Something could go wrong, and the procedure could result in infection, further illness, or death. Kant says that we are not allowed to take risks with our lives.

d) By selling part of her body, a person would be treating herself as a mere means, and not as an end in herself.

e) An individual's body is owned by God, and so she is not free to do with it whatever she wishes. God has ultimate ownership over her body, and so selling a tooth or an organ would require selling something that one does not actually own.

 

 

4- Which of the following most accurately expresses Kant's view about the relationship between freedom and duty?

a) To be truly free, a person must not be constrained in any way. To have a duty is to be required to act in a particular way, and thus to be subject to a constraint. Thus, freedom and duty are incompatible.

b) To be truly free, a person must not follow any laws at all. To be free is to be lawless. But acting from duty involves acting from laws. So the moral person is necessarily unfree.

c) To be truly free, a person must not follow any laws. However, it is impossible to avoid acting from laws altogether. So a person should act from moral laws because moral laws are good. And because they are good, a person who acts from them is mostly free.

d) To be truly free, a person must not act on laws that are imposed on her by another, but only on laws that she gives to herself. The moral law is the law that a rational being gives to herself. Therefore, the person who acts from the moral law is truly free.

e) To be truly free, a person must do only what she wants. A rational person will always have a strong desire to do moral things. So when she acts on that desire, she will be both free and moral.

 

 

 

5- Kant offers an example of an honest shopkeeper who refuses to cheat his customers. Kant imagines one motive that the shopkeeper might have: a worry that if he is dishonest, word will get out and he will lose business. Why does Kant discuss this example?

a) He wants to argue that honesty is the best policy, because if the shopkeeper does what is right, he is also likely to thrive as a businessperson.

b) He wants to demonstrate that an honest action can sometimes lack moral worth if it is done from the wrong motive.

c) He wants to show us that there are many motives that have moral worth, and that the honest shopkeeper deserves our praise.

d) He wants to show that if everyone acted the way that the shopkeeper does, no one would be able to conduct business anymore. Therefore, the shopkeeper's actions violate the categorical imperative.

e) He wants us to see the inherent moral dilemma faced by those who run a business.

 

 

 

6- What is the original position?

a) A time in the past when people lived behind a veil of ignorance that covered up their knowledge about who in particular they are (e.g. their social status and natural talents).

b) A utopian society in which people live behind a veil of ignorance that covers up their knowledge about who in particular they are (e.g. their social status and natural talents).

c) A hypothetical scenario in which people who are temporarily placed behind a veil of ignorance that covers up their knowledge about who in particular they are (e.g. their social status and natural talents) choose the principles of justice for their society.

d) A utopian society in which everyone acts in accordance with Rawls' principles of justice.

e) A time past when people acted in accordance with Rawls' principles of justice.

 

7- What is the main function of the veil of ignorance?

a) To ensure that people are not biased by knowledge about particular facts about themselves (e.g. how strong or intelligent they are) when thinking about matters of justice.

b) To ensure people's anonymity when choosing principles of justice.

c) To ensure that people are just as biased when they choose principles of justice as they are in real life.

d) To ensure that people are keenly aware of differences in bargaining power when choosing principles of justice.

e) To ensure that, when choosing principles of justice, individuals are keenly aware of their distinguishing features.

 

 

8-Why, according to Rawls, is a hypothetical contract between people of equal standing who are placed behind a veil of ignorance morally more significant than an actual contract?

a) Because it is not tainted by asymmetries in bargaining power (e.g. differences in people's wealth or intelligence or strength).

b) Because it is more thoughtful.

c) Because people often do not know what they want.

d) Because an actual contract is not tainted by asymmetries in bargaining power (e.g. differences in people's wealth or intelligence or strength).

e) Because tacit consent is more informative than a hypothetical contract.

 

 

9- Individuals who use their talents to earn an income on the free market sometimes claim that they ought to be allowed to keep all of that income because they morally deserve it. How would Rawls respond to this?

a) "While you might think that your talents are your own, this is merely an illusion. A person's talents are the property of the entire society, and so the wealth created through the use of a person's talents is also collective property that we need to distribute fairly."

b) "The fact that you were born with the talents you have is a morally arbitrary fact. You do not morally deserve your talents, and so the claim that you deserve the wealth that your talents attract is dubious."

c) "The fact that you were born into a society in which your particular talents are in high demand or in low supply is a morally arbitrary fact. The fact that your particular talents are in high demand or in low supply is what allows you to use those talents to become wealthy. So the claim that you deserve the wealth that your talents attract is dubious."

d) (a) and (b).

e) (b) and (c).

 

 

10- Rawls thinks that people are justified in owning the objects and wealth that they do when:

a) They acquired those objects by mixing their labor with them, and they acquired other wealth by engaging in free exchange with others.

b) They acquired those objects and wealth through a system that rewards them for the moral excellence they exhibit when they work hard and show initiative.

c) The objects and wealth were acquired within a market regulated by principles of justice that protect individual liberties and fair equality of opportunity for all and then work to the benefit of the least well-off members of society.

d) a and c.

e) b and c.

 

 

 

11- According to Aristotle, the cultivation of moral virtue arises through ...

a) ... nature.

b) ... practice.

c) ... luck.

d) ... prayer.

e) All of the above are correct.

 

12- Which of the following best represents Aristotle's view about the role of morality in politics?

a) "Morality has no place in politics. Not only is it immoral to try to legislate morality, but it is impossible to do so. Morality is about intention or motive, and the state cannot affect the motives of its citizens. Only the individuals themselves can determine their motives."

b) "Morality will always play some role in politics, but only regarding questions about basic rights."

c) "Encouraging and fostering a virtuous citizenry is the primary purpose of the state."

d) "While it is always best to have virtuous citizens, the state itself should remain non-judgmental and take no position on which ways of living are best."

e) All of the above are correct.

 

13- Sometimes we disagree and argue about what the telos or the purpose of a social practice really consists in. According to Aristotle, when we have those disagreements what's at stake is ...

a) ... only who will get what.

b) ... whether the social practice helps maximize pleasure overall.

c) ... only what excellences of persons will be honored.

d) ... not just who will get what but also what qualities, what excellences of persons will be honored.

e) None of the above.

 

 

14-According to Aristotle, ...

a) ... the individual is prior to the polis (the political community).

b) ... morality is about the maximized aggregate of pleasure minus pain.

c) ... the polis (the political community) exists by nature and is prior to the individual.

d) ... distributive justice is a matter of what would be chosen behind a veil of ignorance.

e) All of the above.

 

15-Casey Martin was a golfer on the PGA Tour who, due to an illness, needed a golf cart to move around the course. After being denied permission to use a cart, Martin sued the PGA. Many of the players on the tour objected to the suggestion that Martin should be allowed to use a cart. Which of the following objections to Martin's being allowed to use the cart is an expression of teleological reasoning?

a) "Walking the course is part of the game. If you allow Martin to ride a cart, he really isn't playing the game anymore."

b) "If Martin does not have to walk the course, he will have an unfair advantage."

c) "The PGA is a private organization. The courts should not tell a private organization what to do."

d) (a) and (b).

e) (a), (b), and (c).