1. What are the two defining features of true experiments?

 

2. What is the purpose of a manipulation check in an experiment?

 

3. Describe both an obvious and an unobtrusive way to check your manipulation.

 

4. What are some of the manipulation checking techniques used in clinical studies that involve medications?

1. What are the two defining features of true experiments?

            A true experiment is defined as an experiment conducted where an effort is made to impose control over all other variables except the one under study. Basically, it is often easier to impose this sort of control in a laboratory setting. Thus, true experiments have often been erroneously identified as laboratory studies. Several kinds of experimental designs exist. In general, designs that are true experiments contain three key features: independent and dependent variables, pretesting and post-testing, and experimental and control groups. Indeed, a true experimental design is one in which the researcher manipulates the Independent Variable (or variables) to observe its effect on some behavior or cognitive process (the dependent variable) while using random assignment of participants to groups in order to control external factors from influencing the results.

2. What is the purpose of a manipulation check in an experiment?

            A manipulation check is a measure administered to research participants in order to find out whether or how they perceived the manipulation of the independent variable. Moreover, manipulation checks are a way to help ensure that the independent variable has effectively been manipulated or that the participants understood the independent variable in the way that the researcher planned. 

3. Describe both an obvious and an unobtrusive way to check your manipulation.

            Manipulation check is a term in experimental research in the social sciences which refers to certain kinds of secondary evaluations of an experiment. As a matter of fact, manipulations are not intended to verify that the manipulated factor caused variation in the dependent variable. This is verified by random assignment, manipulation before measurement of the dependent variable, and statistical tests of the effect of the manipulated variable on the dependent variable. Thus, a failed manipulation check does not refute the hypothesis that the manipulation caused variation in the dependent variable. 

4. What are some of the manipulation checking techniques used in clinical studies that involve medications?

                   Experimental manipulation describes the process by which researchers purposefully change, alter, or influence the independent variables, which are also called treatment variables or factors, in an experimental research design. One example was medication manipulation. It is the act of crushing tablets or opening capsules, which are not designed to be administered in this way, alters the formulation of the medication and potentially can have serious negative consequences for the patient. Another example was covert administration is when medicines are administered in a disguised format. Medicines could be hidden in food, drink, or given through a feeding tube without the knowledge or consent of the person receiving them. On top of that, whatever manipulation was involved especially in medications, definitely this is just for the benefit of the people who are taking it. 

1. What are the two defining features of true experiments?

            A true experiment is defined as an experiment conducted where an effort is made to impose control over all other variables except the one under study. Basically, it is often easier to impose this sort of control in a laboratory setting. Thus, true experiments have often been erroneously identified as laboratory studies. Several kinds of experimental designs exist. In general, designs that are true experiments contain three key features: independent and dependent variables, pretesting and post-testing, and experimental and control groups. On the other hand, the effect of an intervention is tested by comparing two groups. Good experiments have two essential characteristics: a single variable is tested, and control is used. The variable is the factor that changes in an experiment in order to test a hypothesis.

           Indeed, a true experimental design is one in which the researcher manipulates the Independent Variable (or variables) to observe its effect on some behavior or cognitive process (the dependent variable) while using random assignment of participants to groups in order to control external factors from influencing the results.

2. What is the purpose of a manipulation check in an experiment?

            A manipulation check is a measure administered to research participants in order to find out whether or how they perceived the manipulation of the independent variable. Moreover, manipulation checks are a way to help ensure that the independent variable has effectively been manipulated or that the participants understood the independent variable in the way that the researcher planned. This entry discusses the use of manipulation in experimental research. Actually, manipulation checks provide evidence for the construct validity of the manipulation. Through this, we can ensure the validity and reliability of the study/experiment. 

3. Describe both an obvious and an unobtrusive way to check your manipulation.

            Manipulation check is a term in experimental research in the social sciences which refers to certain kinds of secondary evaluations of an experiment. As a matter of fact, manipulations are not intended to verify that the manipulated factor caused variation in the dependent variable. This is verified by random assignment, manipulation before measurement of the dependent variable, and statistical tests of the effect of the manipulated variable on the dependent variable. Thus, a failed manipulation check does not refute the hypothesis that the manipulation caused variation in the dependent variable. 

         Basically, a manipulation check may affect the participant's thinking in various ways. Asking participants to describe their emotions can also change the result of the experiment because some may not tell how they really feel. However, it can also help to determine some facts about who you are making an experiment with. On the other hand, this type of manipulation was observed behavior in public. Certainly,  unobtrusive measures of the effects of the manipulation may be unjustified. Thus, this manipulation must be harmless and non-deceptive. 

4. What are some of the manipulation checking techniques used in clinical studies that involve medications?

                   Experimental manipulation describes the process by which researchers purposefully change, alter, or influence the independent variables, which are also called treatment variables or factors, in an experimental research design. One example was medication manipulation. It is the act of crushing tablets or opening capsules, which are not designed to be administered in this way, alters the formulation of the medication and potentially can have serious negative consequences for the patient. Another example was covert administration is when medicines are administered in a disguised format. Medicines could be hidden in food, drink, or given through a feeding tube without the knowledge or consent of the person receiving them. On top of that, whatever manipulation was involved especially in medications, definitely this is just for the benefit of the people who are taking it.