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The theory and practice of governance and politics at the local, state, national, and international levels are the subject of political science. We're committed to advancing knowledge of the structures, behaviours, and relationships that make up public life, as well as inquiry methods that encourage citizenship.The following are some of the most important subfields.Theory of politicsThe foundations of political community and institutions are the fundamental focus of political philosophy. It concentrates on human nature and the moral motivations for political affiliation. Political theorists use lasting political texts from ancient Greece to the present day, as well as numerous moral philosophers' writings, to explicate these notions. Political theory is also concerned with empirical study into how political institutions work in practice.

Politics in Comparative PerspectiveComparative politics is a wide discipline with several techniques and objectives. Some academics and researchers examine modern political systems in order to determine which types best fulfil specific ideals for their population, such as order, equality, freedom, or economic stability and well-being. Others argue that comparative politics is primarily concerned with understanding how and why different nations establish various types of political institutions. Others utilise comparative politics to uncover universal rules and ideas that can explain human political behaviour and variability. There are two fundamental types of comparative politics courses. One compares a collection of issues or institutions in a number of nations.Relations InternationalesInternational relations is focused on  gaining a better knowledge of how nations and non-state international players, such as the United Nations and multinational companies, interact. International relations is a varied area in terms of the types of behaviour investigated and the methods used to study them. International conflict, especially war, is a major focus of the study. Why do wars break out? Who will win and why? What can be done to prevent wars? What role do international law and organisations play in this? Scholars have been increasingly conscious of the relevance of international economic activity as the globe has become more interconnected. As a result, researchers are looking at global trade, communication, development, foreign investment, and international finance.Methodology in Political ScienceThe philosophical foundations of political science, social science, empirical study design and analysis, and actual field research experience are all covered in the discipline of political methodology. Philosophical questions about the existence of a science of politics, the parallels and distinctions between political science and other social sciences, alternative forms of explanation, and the veracity of knowledge claims are covered in political methodology courses. They also look at how to create experimental and non-experimental research designs for generating causal inferences about political processes and behaviour, as well as how to utilise statistics, mathematics, and computers to analyse the political data generated by these designs. Seminars also allow students to perform solo and group research projects.

An ideology is a set of beliefs. Each ideology often comprises opinions about the ideal form of governance (e.g., democracy or autocracy) and the best economic system (e.g., capitalism or socialism). Sometimes the same word is used to describe an ideology as well as one of its key principles. For example, "socialism" can refer to either an economic system or an ideology that supports that economic system. Because the same phrase can refer to numerous ideologies, political scientists endeavour to come up with agreed meanings for these concepts. Political science is the study of politics as a whole.

Political science is the study of the state, government, political institutions, public policy, political processes, and political behaviour. Political Science is the study of politics as both an art and a science. Because it deals with normative issues such as morals, justice, good and bad, culture, religion, and so on, political science is an art. Because it is value-laden and speculative, political science is considered an art form. Political science is an art because it depends on intuition and logical reasoning to reach a conclusion or make a decision on a specific political phenomenon.

The 'scientific method,' which entails validating or falsifying theories by evaluating them against actual data, is at the heart of scieFnce. Political science is not and cannot be an accurate science in the same way that scientific sciences like physics and chemistry are. Political Science, on the other hand, is a social science, which is a branch of science that analyses social phenomena. Political science is a science because it uses scientific methods and equipment to investigate many elements of social life. For instance, consider election voting patterns. Political science is a science because it investigates political concerns in such a methodical way that an observable, quantifiable, and verifiable pattern may be discovered in some cases.

AN OLD-FASHIONED APPROACH

·      Traditionalism or the normative approach are terms used to describe this approach. It is a method of studying politics that is qualitative.

·      It is the most ancient method of studying politics.

·      The Traditional Approach dominated early political studies and continued to do so until the mid-twentieth century.

·      The traditional approach concentrates on the state's history, constitution, and institutions such as the legislature, executive, judiciary, political parties, and so on.

·      It's theoretical, philosophical, and loaded with meaning.

A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

·      This is one of the traditional approaches to political research.

·      History is the study of previous events to aid our understanding of current occurrences.

·      In political science, history is the study of the past, whereas politics is the study of the present.

·      As a result, utilising a historical approach, we can better comprehend and explain current politics.

·      Periods, topics and roles of politicians, and societal circumstances, or a mixture of these, are the focal points of Historical Approach. It gives a chronological or sequential summary of the events or subjects being researched.

We've all heard of the term 'political science.' Politics has played an important role in man's social life since he began to arrange it. Political Science, as we all know, is focused with many political actions of human people, such as contemplation, occasions, activities, and organisations. It includes both comprehension and clarifications of the vast array of governmental topics that surround us. Political Science, on the other hand, has taken on different definitions at different points throughout history, and its scope has always been spread. Despite the fact that many political intellectuals have debated political science from ancient times, political science as an academic field has a very short history. We will study the significance of political science and politics in this unit.

Politics is more than just a means of governing; it's also a means of reaching communal objectives. Political science is a social science that studies the theory and practice of politics, as well as the description and analysis of political institutions and behaviour. It covers issues such as decision-making power distribution and transfer, roles and governance systems, including governments and international organisations, political conduct, and public policy. Thus, political science is the study of the condition of political organisation, political processes, and political functions of political institutions and ideologies in the past, present, and future.

Despite being associated with phrases such as influence, coercion, force, dominance, authority, and control, the term power has its own meaning. Power is a symbiotic relationship. While power is coercive, influence is persuasive, authority is legitimate, and force is expressed power."The capacity to control the conduct of others in accordance with one's own intentions" is defined as "power." Though it dates back to the Greeks, the power theory of politics has grown in prominence. Relationships, subordination, domination, and submission, the governors and the governed, are crucial to power, and the study of politics entails understanding these relationships.

There is no question that Aristotle is known as the "father of political science." But, in order to understand why Aristotle is so revered, we must examine his political ideas, his contributions to the area of politics, and how he developed the fundamental notion of political science in our society.Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who lived in the third century b.c. he is widely recognised as one of the most significant intellectuals of the ancient world. his faultless benevolence in literature, philosophy, and political beliefs and ideologies had taken him to a point where no one could match his diverse and pragmatic diction. As a result of his father's political career, we may assume that he had a strong political grounding from the start. All of this had an impact on his political views. He was a scientist and a logician. He was usually quick to use logic and practicality to explain his environment. His major book, 'Politics,' earned him the title of 'The Father of Political Science.' 'Politics' is a strong text that creates the basis for a broad organisation such as the State.

STATE THEORY (THEORY OF STATE)

The main premise of the State Theory is that "state is the highest of all associations." Though Plato views the State as a large family, Aristotle views it as a family of families. The statesman's authority, according to him, must be distinct from the father's jurisdiction. In the case of the state, the family principle does not apply. The state should strive for unity via variety rather than uniformity. The state's laws should consider diverse interests and attempt to strike a fair balance between them. Aristotle was the first to distinguish between personal and public life.

THE PRINCIPLES OF CITIZENSHIP

"Citizenship is the legal standing of a person with relation to state," Aristotle remarked of citizenship. Women, children, the elderly, and slaves were all denied citizenship by him. He forbade elderly folks from participating since they might not be able to perform the needed function due to their health. He excluded children from the equation because of their inability to contribute properly to the state. Women were excluded since they were restricted to the family's home tasks, and slaves had no motivation to draught laws. He fosters the assumption that only natural-born adult males with property are eligible to be citizens.

SLAVERY THOUGHT THEORY

"Slavery is natural and helpful," according to Aristotle's notion of slavery. Natural rather than legal slaves are justified by Aristotle. He felt that individuals who have reason and bravery are natural masters, while those who do not are natural slaves. Nature, according to Aristotle, has produced two categories of people: physically active people and intellectually healthy people. Those who are physically active should engage in the production process, while those who are mentally healthy should be involved in government matters. Some people, according to him, are reliant on others to make decisions for them; such a person isn't even the slave's master.

PROPERTY THEORY

In his opinion, there are two categories of property: alive and inanimate. It is a legitimate output of one's labour. Everyone's property is no one's responsibility in the notion of shared ownership and usage. As a result, Aristotle opposes it. It is irrational, impractical, and, if practised, exceedingly exploitative in the scenario of shared ownership and individual usage. However, Aristotle supports the concept of individual property and common usage since it is more productive and a source of encouragement to work hard. It will also be a wellspring of benevolence and generosity. Men of reason to him equate to men of property, thus it's a good fit for stability.

Democracy

The most recognisable kind of governance is democracy, which is a political system in which individuals control themselves directly or indirectly. Democracy is derived from the Greek word democracy, which means "government of the people." Democracy is "government of the people, by the people, for the people," as Lincoln put it in his impassioned Gettysburg Address. People in direct (or pure) democracies make decisions regarding policies and resource distribution that directly impact them. The New England town meeting, when citizens gather once a year to vote on financial and other topics, is an example of such democracy in action. In a community of any size, representative democracy is more practicable than direct democracy, but political scientists point to another benefit of representative democracy. 

Monarchy

Monarchy is a political system in which authority is concentrated in a single family, which reigns from generation to generation. Traditional authority is the family's power, and many rulers compel respect because their subjects bestow it on them. Other kings, on the other hand, have gained respect by using arbitrary authority and even terror. Royal dynasties continue to reign today, although their influence has waned throughout the years. The Queen of England currently occupies a mostly ceremonial role, although her forefathers on the throne possessed far greater authority. This case exemplifies the historical shift from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchies (Finer, 1997). 

Oligarchy

A tiny, elite group controls power in an oligarchy. Members of an oligarchy, unlike monarchs, do not always attain their positions through aristocratic blood. They may instead rise to power as a result of military might, economic might, or other factors. Oligarchy is a nebulous notion; only a few societies publicly declare themselves to be oligarchies. In general, the term brings up images of a corrupt organisation whose members make unjust policy decisions in order to keep their privileged positions. Oligarchies have occurred throughout history, and many people today believe Russia to be an example of an oligarchic government system. Following the demise of communism, a number of corporate entrepreneurs seized control of the country's natural resources, exploiting the opportunity to increase their riches and political clout. It may be extremely difficult for middle- and lower-class persons to increase their socioeconomic level if an oligarchic power structure has been formed.

Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism

Authoritarianism and totalitarianism are broad names for nondemocratic political regimes controlled by a single person or a group of people who are not freely chosen by their citizens and who frequently wield arbitrary authority. To be more explicit, authoritarianism refers to political regimes in which one person or a group of people retains power, limits or prevents popular involvement in government, and suppresses opposition. Totalitarianism describes political regimes that have all of the characteristics of authoritarianism but are far more oppressive in their attempts to govern and control all elements of individuals' lives and fortunes. People can be imprisoned or even murdered if they deviate from authorised behaviours in the tiniest of ways. Authoritarian and totalitarian governments are more politically unstable than democracies and monarchies. The main reason for this is because these regimes lack legitimacy.

David Easton FRSC (June 24, 1917 – July 19, 2014) was an American political scientist who was born in Canada. Easton moved to the United States in 1943 after being born in Toronto, Ontario. He was a political science professor at the University of Chicago from 1947 to 1997.

During the 1950s and 1970s, Easton was at the vanguard of both the behaviouralist and post-behaviouralist revolutions in political science, providing the discipline's most frequently used definition of politics as the authoritative distribution of values for the society. He was well-known for applying systems theory to political science research. His five-fold system for examining the policy-making process has been used by policy analysts: input, conversion, output, feedback, and environment. Easton received his undergraduate degree from the University of Toronto in 1939, his M.A. from Harvard University in 1943, and his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1947; an LL.D. from McMaster University in 1970; and a Kalamazoo College education in 1972. He married and had a son with Sylvia Isobel Victoria Johnstone. [2] In 1997, he relocated to California for the health of his wife.

In the early 1950s, Easton, like other early behaviourists, sought to gain control over the massive amounts of data generated by social science research, which they believed was overwhelming social scientists with quantitative and qualitative data in the absence of an organising theoretical framework. Easton stated that a true science of political studies should be developed in order to provide accurate, universal knowledge about social phenomena, and that scientific standards of process should be developed in order to uncover a highly generalised theory of politics. Easton was also the editor of Varieties of Political Theory and sat on the editorial boards of Journal of Political Methodology, Youth and Society, and International Political Science Abstracts (1966). Easton served as president of the American Political Science Association from 1968 to 1969, as well as the International Committee on Social Science Documentation from 1969 to 1971 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences as vice president.

He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences' Behavioural Science Fellows' council (1975–1984), head of its research and planning committee (1979–82), and executive board member (1979–1984). After becoming President of the American Political Science Association a few years later, Easton spearheaded a new post-behaviorist revolution, arguing that political science research should be both relevant and action-oriented, in order to better serve society's needs by solving social and political problems revealed during the 1960s. 

Easton's main research goal was to develop a systems analytical technique as a foundation for understanding how political systems work. In recent years, he's shifted his focus to structural restrictions as a second significant underlying factor in political systems. He's written about the impact of political structure on many areas of politics, the state and growth of political science, and children's political socialisation. Easton placed fourth among the most influential political scientists from 1945 to 1960, and second among those from 1960 to 1970, according to a 1978 reputational survey of political scientists.